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Zambia is a multicultural and multi-ethnic nation with 73 ethnic groups which equate to 73 languages spoken across the country while 7 languages are used as medea of instruction for the first four years in the primary schools. The policy has been criticised as being monoglossic. Studies in Zambia...

Developments in cognitive psychology have stressed the complex relationship between what people do, what they believe and what they know. Teachers’ cognitive processes are important in the teaching process. The actual realization of the curriculum is dependent on teachers’ understandings, beliefs...

In Zambia, English is the official language and a language of instruction from Grade 5 going upwards. It had been a determining subject for any pupil to proceed to Grade 10. However, a policy was developed to remove English as a qualifying subject for Grade 9 examinations. The purpose of this...