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Psychometric measures of intelligence, which are grounded in early 20th century psychological investigations of intelligence in Europe and USA, are established means of assessing intelligence across many contemporary societies. In Zambia, schools, hospitals and employment opportunities use...

The intelligence of an African child has, with the emergence of Western civilization, been measured through Western lenses as civilization was equated to urban life-style, education to schooling and intelligence to aptitude for school subjects. On the contrary, recent research suggests that...