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The phenomenon of labour migration at Nakambala Sugar Estate (NSE) was an extension of the labour migration system that started during pre-colonial times. It continued and grew during the colonial era and eventually entered post-colonial institutions which included NSE in Zambia. From inception,...

This dissertation is a study of the history of malende among the Tonga of Southern Province of Zambia, covering the I period from 189O to 19860 The study focuses on CJhief Hanjalika's area in Mazabuka Districts Malende are community shrines believed to be dwelling places of spirits called basangu...