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Tourniquets are extensively used in Orthopaedic surgery to achieve a bloodless field at the surgical site resulting in elevated lactate levels. Use of antiretroviral drugs is also associated with elevation of lactate levels. Hyperlactatemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality....

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is an important cause of disability and work absenteeism. World health organization defines Disability as impairment of activity-limitations, participation restriction. The majority of low back pain stems from benign musculoskeletal problems and it is referred to...