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In machining operations, the effects of high temperatures are i) reduction in tool life, ii) production of hot chips and iii) inaccuracies in workpiece dimensions. Coolant is applied to convey away heat to extend tool life and ensure a good surface finish of the workpiece. While conventional...

All sheet metal forming processes occur after permanent plastic deformation resulting in the material properties changing and therefore it is necessary to determine the extent to which a material can further be deformed for subsequent forming operations. Traditionally, experimental trial and...