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BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure patients experience mild, moderate to severe pulmonary dysfunction demonstrated in alterations of FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio. About 50% of severe heart failure patients have restrictive lung disease resulting in dyspnea, exercise intolerance and poor quality of...

Previous studies have highlighted the role of ambient fine particulate matter as an important cause of both mortality and morbidity for many respiratory illnesses. When inhaled, PM2.5 causes to the airways and lungs obstructive, restrictive or both types of functional impairment through...