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Background: Globally, 15 million babies are born preterm (<37 weeks gestation) each year, and more than 1 million of those do not survive their first month of life. (Lawn, 2006). Preterm birth accounts for 75% of all perinatal mortality in some series. Causes of deaths and antecedent pregnancy...

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) causes severe economic production losses in humans due to loss of man power and death. In Zambia most of the studies that have been done have focused on analysing the parasite while none have been conducted to establish the economic consequences of the burden...

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is an important cause of disability and work absenteeism. World health organization defines Disability as impairment of activity-limitations, participation restriction. The majority of low back pain stems from benign musculoskeletal problems and it is referred to...

Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa are encouraged to adopt WHO recommended Option B+, but there is a general fear that the evidence for its effectiveness has not been demonstrated in different settings. Option B+ is an intervention that ensures administering of life-long HIV treatment to HIV...

BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure patients experience mild, moderate to severe pulmonary dysfunction demonstrated in alterations of FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio. About 50% of severe heart failure patients have restrictive lung disease resulting in dyspnea, exercise intolerance and poor quality of...

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy outside the uterine cavity and is a life-threatening emergency in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology. It is a most common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy. In resource-constrained settings,...

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy outside the uterine cavity and is a life-threatening emergency in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology. It is a most common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy. In resource-constrained settings,...

Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency is a well-known health problem. Deficiencies of folic acid and vitamin B12 are known to cause megaloblastic anaemia, which is characterised by presence of abnormally large erythrocyte precursor cells, megaloblasts, in the bone marrow and macrocytic red cells in...

Background information ABSTRACT Background information All over the world, the number of recorded disasters has doubled from approximately 200 to more than 400 per year in the past 20 years. Community based institutions and organizations such as local government, community neighborhood and...

Background HIV is a cross-cutting problem which does not only affect adults but also affects adolescents. The number of adolescents living with HIV is increasing due to the provision of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) which enables them to live longer yet little is known about their...