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Background: Oral vaccines have been associated with diminished immunogenicity and efficacy in developing country populations. Rotavirus, cholera and oral polio vaccines have shown much lower protection in Africa and Asia than in developed countries. In view of this, there is an urgent need to...

East Coast fever (ECF) is an infectious tick-borne disease of cattle, caused by a protozoan parasite Theileria parva. It is a disease of major economic importance in Zambia as it is the main cause of cattle morbidity and mortality. Despite its economic importance, the epidemiology of ECF in...