Vulnerability of Zambezi basin headwaters to pontential contaminates: a case study of Ikelenge district, north-western province, Zambia

Vulnerability refers to the degree to which human and environmental systems are likely to experience harm due to perturbation or stress. This study investigates the vulnerability of Zambezi headwaters in Ikelenge District, North-Western Province of Zambia, to potential contaminants using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), literature reviews, surveys and ground truthing. Experts from various sectors were consulted, contributing to weighting factors for vulnerability parameters. Key vulnerability factors identified include land use, precipitation, slope and groundwater depth. High vulnerability was found at Lwiinga and Chinyazhi tributaries, largely due to extensive agricultural activities. Moderate vulnerability was observed at Matochi, Kanyizhiwu, Kansoko, Ilemena, Sakeji, and Jimbe tributaries, whereas the Zambezi Source and Kangwadi Tributary showed low vulnerability due to substantial forest cover. By assessing the slope, which indirectly reflects drainage patterns, the study captures how natural topography and land use interact to influence runoff and water infiltration, contributing to overall vulnerability. The study identified low pH, low dissolved oxygen and high levels of fecal and total coliforms as major contaminants in the Zambezi headwaters. These issues arise from factors such as land use, precipitation, surface slope and depth to groundwater. Water quality indices indicated moderate to good quality, with significant seasonal variations. Measures by the Zambian Government, Private Sector, and Non-Governmental Organisations are essential for protecting the Zambezi headwaters and maintaining ecological balance. Additionally, the study recommends that academic and research institutions, such as the University of Zambia, conduct comprehensive research on groundwater, surface water, climate change, and biodiversity in the region to enhance public awareness of their interrelationships and environmental impacts