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Welcome to Module 5 on Research Methodology and Proposal Development Course: MPH 651. Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information while research methodology is a way to systematically solve a research problem by applying research theory and methods. This module is...

HIV/AIDS remains a major challenge particularly among women of child bearing age . Globally, there are about 36.6 million people living with HIV infection and about 70 % (25 million) of these live in sub Saharan Africa Africa. HIV burden needs greater attention in the planning of EMTCT...

Inguinal hernias in infants and children are very common. One of their most common complications before surgery is incarceration, a life threatening condition with potential to cause severe short term and long term morbidities like bowel ischaemia, testicular atrophy and its resultant...

The shortage of health workers in the areas where they are most needed is a significant problem for health systems. Over the past decade, countries have introduced strategies to address the unequal distribution of health workers in rural and remote are evad.e nce to date on the effectiveness of...

HBV infection is a serious infection affecting the liver and causes significant morbidity and mortality in sub-Sahara Africa. While most patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection are asymptomatic, the infection acquired during infancy or childhood accounts for a disproportionately large...

Pneumonia in sickle cell disease (SCD) can be particularly severe and has come to be called acute chest syndrome (ACS). ACS is a frequent complication of sickle cell disease in patients hospitalized with vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). It is associated with a high risk of sickle cellrelated...

Globally, more than 50% of pregnant women attend antenatal care in the first trimester in most developed countries. However, in developing countries, less than 50% of pregnant women do so. Timing of the first antenatal care visit in the first trimester is important because it allows for...

Introduction: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that remains a major global public health problem. Syphilis is caused by the bacterium called Treponema pallidum. There are 5.6 million new cases of syphilis worldwide each year and in Zambia the risk of acquiring HIV infection...

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality especially in children under 5 years and pregnant women in Zambia. Environmental factors and behavioral patterns of vectors and human populations combine to provide favorable conditions for malaria transmission. Focal-Indoor Residual Spraying...

Co-existence of hypertension and dyslipidaemia, also referred to as dyslipidaemic hypertension (DH), is known to have synergistic effect on the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In Zambia, there is scanty information on distinguishing features of dyslipidaemic hypertension. The study...