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This study investigates the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and the NonPerforming Loan (NPL) Ratio in Zambia over a two-decade period (2003–2022/23). The research was motivated by the persistent challenge of high NPLs in Zambia’s banking sector, which undermines financial stability,...

This study develops a proactive approach to measuring systemic risk in Zambia’s banking institutions, addressing the inadequacies of existing methodologies that rely on stock market data and focus primarily on the industry as a whole rather than individual institutions. Using a combination of...